The Rise and Fall of the "Queen of Snows"

Long before Dartmouth opened its doors to female students, coeds from up and down the East Coast flocked annually to the little village of Hanover to celebrate the culmination of the winter sports season. In a history of carnival by past DOC Executive Director, John Rand reported that for the first winter weekend in 1910, “nearly 50 fair guests were invited to Hanover for the occasion, and the Outing Club ball in Commons was a social triumph.”

What began as an attempt “to awaken the campus from its winter hibernation…” snowballed into an intercollegiate competition hosting competitors and guests from around the world. Nearly thirty years after its founding, “From Nome to Norway by way of Ecuador, one thousand and ninety-nine girls flock[ed] to Hanover…” reported The Dartmouth in 1938.

The popularity of the weekend was in large part due to the social events, which accompanied the competitions. Musical concerts, skating exhibitions, and the opportunities for snowshoeing and hot cocoa almost effortlessly set the scene for weekend romances. The annual revelry became so popularized that in 1941 the short story, “Carnival Girl” by Isabel Moore was featured in Cosmopolitan Magazine. The love story employs the allure of Winter Carnival as the backdrop for a reunion of past lovers.

Ultimately, the highlight of the weekend was the crowning of the "Queen of Snows" during Friday’s Outdoor Evening. The event, a contest of beauty, kicked off the festivities and offered up an opportunity for the male hosts to ogle the girls that had been selected as the prettiest of all the dates. The “snatches,” aka members of the student body, were tasked with selecting the candidates upon their arrival to campus.

Fifteen Prominent members of the Dartmouth student body are selected to choose Carnival Queen candidates. Each man has three invitations to give out during Thursday and Friday...The girls selected... are interviewed and appraised by a Judging Committee consisting of students and honorary judges.

The objectification of women at carnival nonetheless proved thrilling for the hosts and at least some of their dates.

Margee Russell, a freshman at Colby-Junior College in New London, NH, called her crowning experience “the greatest thrill of my life.” Russell will go down in carnival history as the last queen in a 43-year long reign. The tradition, which began in 1928 died in 1972 at the 62nd annual Winter Carnival.

The onset of coeducation, shortly followed by the fielding of women’s winter sports teams contributed to the end of the old tradition and gave birth to a new competition based upon athleticism, skill and talent.

The history of the queen competition, the sensation of winter carnival in popular culture and the rise of a new era of queens of the snow are featured in our exhibit, The Rise and Fall of the ‘Queen of Snows’: Women at Winter Carnival. The exhibit is on display in Rauner Library’s Reading Room from February 29th-April 15th.

To see the documents included in this post see:
DO-1, Box 6134 Dartmouth College Outing Club Records, Folder: “Carnival History
DO-1, Box 6142 Dartmouth College Outing Club Records, Folder: “Carnival Publicity”
“Carnival Girl.”,Rauner D.C. History PZ3.M789 Ca
“Winter Carnival Queens 1930s” photo file
“Winter Carnival Queens 1960s and 1970s” photo file
“ Skiing-Women’s 1970s” photo file

Elixir Proprietatis

The market is flooded with medical self-help books: there is a cure for whatever ails you, be it a medication, a mind/body connection, or any number of supplements. The genre has a long history, as we discovered last week when looking at John Archer's Every Man His Own Doctor (London: Printed for the Author, 1673). The title page promises practical and simple advice for preventing disease, and there is an extended herbal attached listing the various healing powers of common English flora. There is even an "Infallible Secret" to prevent the Pox.

But, if everything else fails, there is an entry at the end of the book for "Elixir Proprietatis" that will cure pretty much anything. It is made from the "Quintessence of the best of Vegetables" and cures:

all Agues or Feavers, quartan, tertian or quotidian; also all astmahs, Palsies, Convulsions, Falling sickness, Consumptions of the Lungs, all decays in the vital and noble Parts, resisting Corruption, Crudities....

It goes on for quite a while longer. Now, every man might be his own doctor, but don't expect a recipe for the Elixir Proprietatis. To get this wonderful cure, you will need to find your way to Dr. Archer's house in Winchester Street, "being the Sign of the Golden Ball near Broad Street, London," to buy it.

To learn learn the secret for preventing the Pox, ask for Rare R128.7.A37.

Sawdust Men

We have all been recipients of a certain type of e-mail, usually from someone claiming to be the heir to a sizable fortune or the representative of a financial institution based in Nigeria. Predictably, they all need help to transfer a significant amount of money in a covert and speedy fashion and promise a tempting percentage for whomever assists them. Although the technology is relatively new, this sort of swindle is at least over a hundred years old. Back in the late nineteenth century, con artists called "sawdust men" cast a similar net for unsuspecting victims by mailing out flyers, or circulars, to individuals they had identified as being particularly susceptible to these kinds of offers. The circulars offered to sell the recipient a large amount of counterfeit money in exchange for a smaller amount of actual cash. Once the sucker had been shown the funny money and had paid for it, the sawdust men would distract him or her while exchanging the bag full of counterfeit currency for one filled with nothing but sawdust. Much later, after the trick was discovered, the victim was usually left without recourse; to incriminate the sawdust men would be to reveal that they themselves had also planned to conduct illegal activity.


The details of this scam, along with many others, is described in Professional Criminals of America, a 1886 publication written by Thomas Byrnes.  Byrnes, the NYPD Detective Bureau chief from 1880 until 1895, ostensibly published his book "pro bono publico" in order to keep members of the public from falling prey to less scrupulous members of society. His tome is filled with all manner of interesting facts about the criminal underground, including the habits and strategies of bank robbers, pickpockets and even fradulent horse salesmen. In addition to criminal methodology, Byrnes includes many photographs and biographies of notorious criminals who have apparently been in the business for quite some time. For example, he warns us about Charles Smyth, alias Doctor Smyth, alias Harrison, who is considered a "clever hand" at the "confidence and sawdust game," despite having been arrested and imprisoned for twelve months earlier that year.

It is fascinating to think that the pool of usual suspects in the New York City area would have been so small as to be able to fit them all into a single volume. The power of the photograph was such that the appearance of these ne'er-do-wells' pictures in a popular book apparently was considered sufficient remedy against future deception. What is more likely is that Byrnes was attempting to leverage his national renown into a profitable publishing venture. He had garnered national recognition in 1878 after solving a challenging bank heist, and he continued to grow in fame throughout his fifteen-year stint as the head of the city's detective unit.

However, despite his popularity, Byrnes also had a shady reputation himself; his interrogation rooms

were more like torture chambers, and Byrnes is claimed to have coined the term "third degree" in reference to his information-extracting behavior. Ultimately, in 1895, he was firmly encouraged to retire as a move to rid the police force of corruption by none other than Theodore Roosevelt, who at the time was the president of the NYC Police Commission.

To learn more about how to protect yourself from the trickery of nineteenth-century scam artists, come to Rauner and ask to see Rare HV6785 .B9.

Antarctica in My Mind

Ike Taylor

In 1955, Dr. Isaac “Ike” Taylor, a then professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, husband and father of five, left his civilian life behind and volunteered for “Operation Deep Freeze” a mission dedicated to exploration and scientific research in Antarctica

Taylor assumed active duty as lieutenant commander in the U.S Naval Reserve Medical Corps and served as Chief Medical Officer at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica from 1955-1957. The airbase established at McMurdo Sound was constructed as part of the International Geophysical Year.

The Durham Morning Herald reported in 1957, “The year has been set up in order that simultaneous observations may be made over the entire world in such sciences as astronomy, meteorology, oceanography, geology, glaciology and others. Scientists from 55 nations are taking part in the program.”

"One of the first planes to be flown in ('55) with Erubus in background steaming 12/55"

Taylor’s previous research on the physiological effects of low temperature on tissue and his interest in Antarctic explorations led him to volunteer for the mission. For close to two years he studied hypothermia, the effects of cold weather on personnel, performed research and tended to the medical needs of the 60 men stationed at McMurdo Sound.

Almost half of his papers (Isaac Taylor papers Mss-219) are comprised of family correspondence. Throughout the entirety of his service in Antarctica Taylor exchanged hundreds of letters with his wife Trudy and their five children: Alec, James, Kate, Livingston, and Hugh. Taylor’s letters home include descriptions of his work, the landscape, newly constructed buildings and Naval equipment and vessels. From a letter dated January 10, 1956 Taylor writes to his two eldest sons:

Dear Alec and James: Can you imagine what I am doing now? You would love it if you were here…We are camped on a small beach of black gravel and sand formed from the lava of the volcano, Mt. Erebus, which lies 14 miles away. No lava has come from the volcano in many years though we can see smoke and steam coming from the top.

It is evident that Taylor’s descriptions of his adventures in Antarctica and the general mystery surrounding such a far off place sparked the artistic minds of his children. You can see the product of their young imaginations and artistry in the drawings and paintings of Antarctica that accompany their letters back to Taylor.

This painting by his son James, shares a close resemblance to the volcano that Taylor described in his letter from January.

The painting by his son, Alec seems to depict “Operation Deep Freeze” and the men at McMurdo Sound, including Admiral Richard Byrd.

Despite being thousands of miles away or as Taylor wrote: “The Antarctic is about as far away from Chapel Hill as it is possible to go.” The family maintained a connection through words and images.  As Taylor would describe his life and work in Antarctica, his wife and children would share descriptions of their everyday lives in North Carolina including: travel, weather, illnesses, holidays, homework assignments, and Christmas lists.

Personally, the letters and artwork so obviously represent the unwavering love between father and his children and the influence of his narrative and on their imaginations.

“East Wind USCGC at ice ridge, McMurdo Sound, Summer 1956”

Initially my interest in Taylor’s papers was piqued due to the extensive amount of family correspondence, especially the paintings by his children. In digging a little deeper into the collection, an exciting discovery was unearthed. James, Taylor’s second eldest son is in fact famed singer-songwriter James Taylor. Up until a few weeks ago the familial connection between Isaac and James Taylor was unbeknownst to Rauner Library staff members. It goes to show that the opportunity for discovery is ever present here at Rauner Library and continuously adds to the excitement of our day!

The Isaac Taylor papers (Mss- 219) are a part of Rauner Library’s Stefansson Collection on Polar Exploration, which features the papers of many polar explorers in addition to published materials, photographs, and vertical files. If you would like to learn more about “Operation Deep Freeze” and the Taylor family you can request Mss-219 at the reference desk.
     
     
     
     

Light and Shadows in the Thirties

The boys sit in rows, their knobby knees emerging from beneath their shorts as they wait further instructions. This photograph from the 1930s speaks to the power of youth organizations, and it comes from the 1939 brochure America's Answer. The Boy Scouts were America's Answer to fascist and communist youth organizations, instilling American boys with a correct sense of patriotism. However, the Americans weren't the only ones creating propagandistic photographic books.

The second photograph in this blog post comes from a series of pamphlets published by anti-fascists in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War (1946-1939). It's a rallying cry against fascist brutality, featuring two slain fighters. The image is a memento of its time, when both automobiles and horses cruised the streets of Barcelona. These are just two images from our latest exhibition, Light and Shadows in the Thirties, which presents the wide variety of photographic books during the 1930s.

Rocked by the economic crisis of the Great Depression, nations questioned previous orthodoxies and experimented with new systems, often selling their solutions or sentimentalizing their problems using the power of the photograph. Light and Shadows in the Thirties presents these photographic books as a vital medium in this turbulent and pivotal decade.

The exhibit was curated by Bay Lauris ByrneSim and will be on display in the Class of 1965 Galleries from February 16 to March 30, 2016.

The books featured in this post are: America's Answer. New York: Boy Scouts of America, 1939.  Rare Book HS3313.B69 1939. Visions de guerra i de reraguarda, Serie A. Barcelona: Editorial Forja, 1937. Rare Book DP269.15 .V57  v.1-8 Ap.1937-Oct.1937.

The Comic History of England

Whoever said history is a serious subject is a liar. Or, at least, that's probably what Gilbert à Beckett thought. He was the author of The Comic History of England, a three-volume 1840s text that pokes fun at Britain through the years, starting with the Druids and ending with the reign of King George II. To those who might feel offended at his humorous treatment of history, the author says in his introduction that "he has so much real respect for the great and good, that he is desirous of preventing the little and bad from continuing to claim admiration on false pretenses." Noble and funny -- sounds like this guy would have been a great dinner party guest!

The book is filled with illustrations reminiscent of political cartoons. Perhaps this shouldn't be surprising, given that à Beckett was a founding staff member at Punch magazine, which was the first publication to use the word "cartoon" in its modern sense. À Beckett pokes fun at uncouth druids and snooty nobles alike, skewering English class differences. Although, as you can see by his depiction of William the Conqueror, he's not above some good old-fashioned slapstick either!

Not an Anglophile? Never fear, à Beckett wrote more than just History of England -- Rauner has a copy of his The Comic History of Rome, too.

To see The Comic History of England, ask for Illus L516ac. For the The Comic History of Rome, Illus L516acr.

Posted for Emily Rutherford '16.

How the Grinch Stole Carnival

In 1981, Dartmouth paid homage to one of its favorite alums with the Winter Carnival theme “Hanover Hears a Who.” It’s not the only time we’ve done it, “How the Grinch Stole Carnival,” 1992 was also inspired by Geisel, as was one of the most famous themes “Oh, the Places it Snows,” which commemorated what would have been the doctor’s 100th birthday. Dr. Seuss’s books take up nearly an entire shelf in the Alumni section of the stacks, and among them is the Winter Carnival issue of the Jack-O-Lantern from 1981. The issue served as the official program for the celebrations, and the Jack-O got the honors because of Seuss’s legacy as editor-in-chief.

Theodore Geisel served as a cartoonist as well as the the Editor-in-Chief of the Jack-O during his time at Dartmouth, but was unfortunately forced to quit after he was punished by the administration, supposedly for having alcohol, which in 1925, was very much in violation of prohibition. How very Dartmouth. Unbeknownst to the administration, he continued his work for the magazine under the pen name Dr. Seuss, and a legend was born.

Aside from the four pages dedicated to the Winter Carnival council members, the official schedule, and the history of the event, the issue is chock-full of articles and jokes centered around their most famous  alum. The articles include “A critical analysis of the philosophy of Dr. Seuss,” a primer for Soviet children by “Dr. Seusslov,” “Green Eggs and Hamlet,” “Why the Grinch Stole Christmas” (“because of an unresolved homosexual Oedipal complex”) and “Horton hears the Who.”

The most relatable, however, is probably “How the Grinch Stole Carnival,” a very Seussian poem in rhythm and style about how the Grinch doesn’t like the preps in Prepville and how excited they are about the festivities. He proceeds to take all the paraphernalia from the frats and blows up Hanover.

The issue also includes a “Seussian” crossword with clues like “try your own name,” and “maybe I spelled it wrong.” The directions go from across and down to “across, but then sharply downward,” and “down, then slant off to the side, kinda.”

Although the issue might seem to be poking fun of the great illustrator and author, it’s done with respect. The letter from the editor is sincere and credits Seuss for all he has done. The issue ends with a picture of the Jack-O when Geisel was Editor-in-Chief with the caption “…And the legend lives on.” Plus, Seuss wasn’t easily offended or likely to take satire the wrong way. After all, he did illustrate a joke book titled Boners: Being a Collection of Schoolboy Wisdom, or Knowledge as it is Sometimes Written, Compiled from Classrooms and Examination Papers!

Posted for Maggie Baird '18